Based on the results obtained in their greenhouse experiments, these authors recommended field doses of 1.6 kg ha1 for crop densities of 32,000 tobacco plants ha1. is a parasitic plant that feeds on sunflower roots. Abu-Irmaileh B. E. (1994). Ann. Soil solarization, a non-chemical technique for controlling Orobanche crenata and improving yield of faba bean. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. Mechanisms limiting the geographical range of the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. A reduced content of broomrape germination-inducing factors in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants has been demonstrated (Lpez-Rez et al., 2011). by . Orobanche crenata in Sudan: history, distribution and management. (1995). Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments. This is a short and delicate stage where the parasite either connects with the host or dies due to nutrient exhaustion. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control . 72, 564574. High osmotic potential in roots and drop in amino acid levels in the phloem has been reported in tolerant varieties of faba bean in response to broomrape parasitism. 16, 223227. Observations on the current status of Orobanche and Striga problems worldwide. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) In addition it also varies considerably in crops growing under different physiological status, growth stages and growing seasons, allowing broomrape to synchronize its germination with physiologically suitable hosts (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b, 2014; Xie et al., 2010). (2007). 18, 463489. Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. -. In addition, the biological similarity between host and parasite characterizing broomrape-crop interactions is higher than in other plant pathosystems, which complicates the development of selective methods to control broomrape, without harmful effect in the crop from which it is feeding (Eizenberg et al., 2006; Hearne, 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010; Prez-Vich et al., 2013). Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. Broomrape seed has been documented to last in the soil for at . The ability of L-methionine to stop the entrance of broomrape intrusive cells into the host-root layers has not been studied. doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.142, Fernandez, J., and Ingber, D. (2013). Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. Westwood, J. H., and Foy, C. L. (1999). 27, 173178. Biol. Crops that reach their seed filling period earlier than broomrape initiates its underground bud development are able to restrict parasitic sink and endure parasitic damage (Manschadi et al., 1996; Grenz et al., 2005; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). The attachment organ of the parasitic angiosperms Orobanche cumana and O. aegyptiaca and its development. Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. The timing of germination is the most crucial event that obligated parasitic plants face along their life cycle (Figure 2C). 11, 530536. A., Sauerborn J. doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1, Zehhar, N., Ingouff, M., Bouya, D., and Fer, A. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). Germinating seeds of the root parasite Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. 2022 Mar 23;13:733116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.733116. However, hyphae of specific pathogens are able to penetrate the seed coat of broomrape dormant seeds, dissolving the endosperm cell walls and metabolizing the cytoplasm. Paris: Dterville. 89, 2327. This paper reviews relevant facts about the biology of broomrape weeds, the key mechanisms they employ to attack crops and the control methods already developed or in development that directly target those mechanisms. Orobanche crenata in UK- an update. J. Bot. Biocontrol Sci. Plant Pathol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00778.x. Weed Sci. (2008). Sci. Biology and management of weedy root parasites. Exp. Annu. Engineering of virulence-enhanced mycoherbicides is another approach of great interest. 119, 585591. Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Therefore, it may be possible to achieve broomrape control by fooling the parasite with the delivering to the soil of synthetic analogs of the original host-derived germination-inducing factors such as strigolactones (Johnson et al., 1976). (2007c). Bot. Cezard, R. (1973). A., and Rubiales, D. (2008b). doi: 10.1007/s00425-011-1568-8, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kusumoto, D., Sekimoto, H., Sugimoto, Y., Takeuchi, Y., et al. (2009). (2005). Phytochemistry 32, 13991402. J. broomrape and bursage relationship. A., and Rubiales, D. (2010b). Plant. Activity of some nitrogen assimilating enzymes has been reported low in broomrapes. The structure and development of the haustorium in parasitic Scrophulariaceae. doi: 10.1007/s11627-007-9054-5, Aly, R., Plakhin, D., and Achdari, G. (2006). doi: 10.1139/B10-057, Lechat, M. M., Brun, G., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., Simier, P., Thoiron, S., et al. doi: 10.1007/BF00029536, Tan, S., Evans, R. R., Dahmer, M. L., Sing, B. K., and Shaner, D. (2005). Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. Planta 227, 125132. 109, 181195. Host plant resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche spp. Azospirillum brasilense is reported to inhibit broomrape radicle growth (Dadon et al., 2004). These connections are probably developed from simultaneous differentiation of adjacent host and parasite cells to xylem elements (Drr, 1997). Incorporation of sulfosulfuron and rimsulfuron directly to the soil provides successful control of preattached stages of broomrape weeds (Eizenberg et al., 2012). (2010). It is a prolific seed producer. Weed Res. (2009). Pest Manag. Effect of small broomrape (Orobanche minor) on red clover growth and dry matter partitioning. 2018 Aug;102(8):1477-1488. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0020-FE. Like most seeds, broomrape seeds are resistant to rapid microbial degradation due to phenols located in its testa (Cezard, 1973). Hydrogen peroxide generated by parasitic radicles activates host peroxidases that catalyze the conversion of host cell walls into haustorium-inducing quinones (Keyes et al., 2000, 2007). Likewise, rapum is the partially . Mabrouk, Y., Mejri, S., Hemissi, I., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Saidi, M., et al. doi: 10.1023/B:GROW.0000038242.77309.73, Goldwasser, Y., Kleifeld, Y., Golan, S., Bargutti, A., and Rubin, B. Pest Manag. It remains unknown whether host factors are required by broomrape radicle to initiate haustorium and consequently this strategy has not been fully explored. Sauerborn, J. 6, 31293140. Broomrape seed has been documented to last in the soil for at least 35 years.. The use of those amino acids as pesticide is classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as innocuous to public and environment health (USEPA, 2004). doi: 10.1051/agro:2003016, Rubiales, D., Prez-de-Luque, A., Joel, D. M., Alcantara, C., and Sillero, J. C. (2003b). Many other interesting examples of trap crops emerged from a root exudates screening of important crops (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). 112 297308. According with pot experiments carried out in the tomato-P. aegyptiaca system, deep-plowing bringing the seeds to depth 12 cm will strongly reduce broomrape infection severity in terms of number of parasites, total parasitic biomass, delayed broomrape emergence and prevention of flower initiation and seed set (Eizenberg et al., 2007). The chemical characteristics of the barriers of resistance to broomrape penetration have been extensively studied in Fabaceae crops (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009) and are reviewed in this article in Section Resistant Crops to Broomrape Invasion.. One of the materials we are trying is registered in California on wheat, and another is not registered in this state. This allows the creosote seedling to establish itself and it will soon outgrow the bursage. Composition of and changes in storage compounds in Orobanche aegyptiaca seeds during preconditioning. Conventional and biotechnological approaches for control of parasitic weeds. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00771.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009a). The role of peroxidase in the resistance of sunflower against O. cumana in Russia. Marker-assisted and physiology-based breeding for resistance to root parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 369391. Weed Sci. The potential of Rhizobium mutants for biological control of Orobanche crenata. Crop Prot. Effect of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) burial depth on parasitism dynamics and chemical control in tomato. This is how can we live with this without huge yield losses. Several mechanisms underlying this resistance have been described at this stage such as production of gel-like substances within host vessels blocking the transfer of nutrients, host-encoded toxic-compounds delivered into the parasitic tissue though the vascular system and hormonal incompatibility that leads to abnormal haustorial maturation with scarce vascular connections (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008c; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2008, 2009). Sci. Biol. The host reproductive sinks compete earlier and stronger against the parasitic sink and in consequence less nutritive resources are allocated to the parasite (Manschadi et al., 1996). Haustorium 65, 56. The metabolic activity of the seed conditioning in broomrape has been characterized in terms of patterns of respiration, synthesis and turnover of proteins, metabolism of nitrogen, carbohydrates and lipids and hormonal balance. Hortic. Privat, G. (1960). Symbiosis 15, 6170. Biocontrol Sci. Plant Dis. Exogenous amino acids inhibit seed germination and tubercle formation by Orobanche ramosa (broomrape): potential application for management of parasitic weeds. J. The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). Prez-Vich, B., Velasco, L., Rich, P. J., and Ejeta, G. (2013). (2015). 13, 478484. 155, 728734. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. The Broomrape family comprises more than 2000 species of annual and perennial herbs or shrubs, nearly all of which are parasitic on the roots of other plants. As a consequence the crop is protected from broomrape invasion (Joel and Portnoy, 1998; Westwood et al., 1998; Hamamouch et al., 2005; Aly et al., 2006). Z. Planzenphysiol. The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . (2001). In recent years, a new, aggressive race designated as race F (called biotype D in Russia) has . Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). This spatial/temporal frame defines the maximum host-reaching distance for successful broomrape parasitism. and their current disposition. Control of Orobanche crenata in legumes intercropped with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Soto, M. J., Rubiales, D., Ocampo, J. Sci. 43, 808815. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. 55, 517520. Saghir, A. R. (1986). Certain amino acids strongly inhibit the early development of broomrape without phytotoxic effects in the host (Vurro et al., 2006). Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. 70, 224229. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1989.tb01310.x, Schneeweiss, G. M. (2007). Joel, D. M. (2000). It's a cute little bird - the Phainopepla. In addition, this technique generates a considerable amount of plastic waste but the emergence of new materials at low-cost, of biological origin and biodegradable may in the future reduce earth pollution with plastic debris derived from agriculture practices (Fernandez and Ingber, 2013). J. (2009). Weed Sci. As a consequence of the high risk of establishment failure in the seedling, broomrapes have evolved germination strategies that predict establishment potential based on host chemodetection (Vaucher, 1823). This resistance is coordinated with the expression of genes encoding for pathogenesis-related proteins (Sarosh et al., 2005; Hasabi et al., 2014). Influence of nitrogen on germination and early development of broomrape (Orobanche spp.). Bot. broomrape and bursage relationship. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00739.x, Hershenhorn, J., Goldwasser, Y., Plakhine, D., Lavan, Y., Blumenfeld, T., Bucsbaum, H., et al. 7:248. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-248, Bar-Nun, N., Ben-Hod, G., Lavi, E., and Mayer, A. M. (1996). Genetic Diversity of Orobanche cumana Populations in Serbia. 67, 141148. Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche-host plant interactions and developing resistance. 29, 391393. (2007). 60, 641650. Refined formulations and encapsulations of fungal propagules increase efficacy in biocontrol by reducing desiccation or microbial competition (Amsellem et al., 1999; Quimby et al., 1999; Kroschel et al., 2000; Mller-Stver, 2001; Aybeke et al., 2015). Bot. 3rd class relic of the true cross. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999).