hydrometallurgical recycling process

Sometimes, however, further refining is required if ultra-high purity metals are to be produced. obtained an almost complete leaching of vanadium and tungsten in a 1h interval, however they did not consider the amount of silicon leached alongside the title metals26. Google Scholar. Figure1a shows that the leaching ability of vanadium and tungsten is maximized when the roasting agent is NaOH solution, while Fig. With Metsos technology, the critical metals can be sustainably extracted from black mass and re-used in new battery production or in other applications. Metsos hydrometallurgical black mass recycling process enables the treatment of mechanically separated and shredded batteries for recovering battery raw materials like nickel, cobalt, and lithium, as well as manganese and copper. Recycling of black mass from batteries with Metsos process can reduce up to 60% of embedded carbon compared to use of virgin materials, explains Don Simola, Director, Battery Chemicals Technology at Metso. Metals suitable for sale as raw materials are often directly produced in the metal recovery step. The organic stream is recycled through the solvent extraction process while the aqueous streams cycle through leaching and electrowinning[clarification needed] processes respectively. After soda roasting at 973K for 120min, 100mL of distilled water was used for leaching from 10 to 180min at 298K, 300rpm, and 30% pulp density. The agitation can enhance reaction kinetics by enhancing mass transfer. J. 4c3 the fiber glass matrix (composed mostly of silicon oxide) after leaching keeps its structure, which shows the possibility of more formation of water soluble silicon compounds, thus minimizing the leaching time is imperative to minimize the silicon leached. 187, 449458 (2018). 5 corresponding to the EDS analysis of the raw spent SCR catalyst it can be appreciated that there is a clear silicon and calcium rod structure in the middle covered mainly in tungsten. Effect of pulp density (a), time (b), and temperature (c) for leaching of the spent SCR catalyst. However, in previous studies, if a large amount of SiO2 is leached together with vanadium and tungsten, there is a competitive leaching process where vanadium and tungsten leaching could be inhibited by the presence of silicon. The process complements Metso's extensive battery minerals technology offering, which covers concentration and hydrometallurgical processing as well as related services. After soda roasting, the cooled sample was placed in a Teflon reactor and leaching experiments were performed on a hot plate modifying different conditions such as pulp density, temperature and reaction time. Ye, X. et al. . Novel Lead Battery Recycling Process Combining - Springer \[UO_{2(s)} + 2Fe^{3+} \rightleftharpoons UO_{2(aq)}^{2+} + 2Fe^{2+} \label{23.3.1a}\], \[UO_3 + H^+ \rightleftharpoons UO_{2(aq)}^{2+} + H_2O \label{23.3.1b}\], \[UO_{2(aq)}^{2+} + 3SO_4^{2-} \rightleftharpoons [UO_2(SO_4)_3]^{4-}_{(aq)} \label{23.3.1c}\]. 4a2,b2 there is some agglomeration on the rod type structures while in Fig. The reaction is typically performed at slightly elevated temperatures (~60 C) and can often release H2, H2S, and CO2 gases during the process. As shown in Fig. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn. To compare the leaching ability of vanadium and tungsten according to the roasting time, roasting was performed for 30 to 180min, followed by leaching. Metso says its new battery black mass recycling process complements the companys existing line of battery minerals technology offerings, which offers concentration and hydrometallurgical processing systems. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Product pricing will be adjusted to match the corresponding currency. The global reach of e-waste issues was illustrated at the latest meeting of the BIR E-Scrap Committee, with guest presentations shedding light on the latest developments in Europe, South America and the Middle East. Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling - PubMed Due to the increasing demand of metals and the continuous depletion of primary resources there is an growing necessity for recycling and reprocessing of spent catalysts and other secondary metal sources for environmental and economical reasons. As observed in Fig. While procedures for pretreatment are still under development, this method typically involves sorting followed by a combination of deactivation, dismantling, and binder removal. The state-of-the-art technology of NOx control. Naushad , show all Pages 1022-1062 | Published online: 21 Dec 2020 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1847949 Full Article pH adjustment was considered a simple step in the hydrometallurgy process, but its complicated operation was ignored in the past. The soluble cations VO2+ and Fe3+ were reduced through the dissolution and complexation process in the leaching reaction. From the 2000s (new millennium) the increasing concerns about environmental pollution caused by nitrogen oxides has directly influenced a higher production and demand for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts for the minimization of the NOx discharged from a variety of sources (stationary and mobile) worldwide1,2,3. Moreover, in Fig. Conserv. [3] The first examples come from 11-12th centuries China where it was applied to extraction of copper and accounted for a significant share of total copper production. Through the use of chelating agents, one can selectively extract certain metals. Lithium-Ion Battery RecyclingOverview of Techniques and Trends Heap leaching is generally economically feasible only for oxide ore deposits. In-situ leaching is also called "solution mining." Nowadays, the benefits of combining pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes have driven progress and research in the field of recycling (Lombardo, 2019), which has been the topic of many recent studies.Liu et al. Chem. Hydrometallurgical process development to recycle valuable metals from spent SCR deNO, $${\text{V}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{5}} + {\text{ 2NaOH }} \to {\text{ 2NaVO}}_{{3}} + {\text{ H}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}$$, $${\text{WO}}_{{3}} + {\text{ 2NaOH }} \to {\text{ Na}}_{{2}} {\text{WO}}_{{4}} + {\text{ H}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}$$, $${\text{SiO}}_{{2}} + {\text{ 2NaOH }} \to {\text{ 2Na}}_{{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{{3}} + {\text{ H}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01726-0. However, the composition of the spent catalyst possess another environmental threat when it is disposed or buried due to the accumulation and leaching of V2O5, a highly toxic compound alongside other heavy metals. (1997). Marafi, M. & Stanislaus, A. Wu et al. The optimum conditions for roasting are 0.4 mass ratio of NaOH/ spent SCR catalyst solution for 2h at 973K. With a subsequent de-ionized water leaching for 30min, at 298K with a pulp density of 30%. J. Due to the environmental risk that spent SCR catalyst pose when discarded in landfills and the presence of valuable metals such as vanadium and tungsten, there is a big necessity for recycling of these secondary resources. Conserv. 4b3 there is agglomeration over the rod-type structure, which when analyzed with EDS it shows the formation of a layer of sodium compounds formed on the fiberglass matrix. (or is it just me), Smithsonian Privacy Chapter 1 Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Material, Chapter 2 Current Commercial Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process, Chapter 3 RecycLiCoTM Recycling Process for Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Active Materials, Chapter 4 Closed-Loop Hydrometallurgical Processing Using LiOH for Coprecipitation and Electrodialysis for LiOH Regeneration, Chapter 5 Analysis of Mass Balance, Energy Consumption, and Economics of the Closed-Loop Hydrometallurgical Recycling Waste/Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Active Materials, Chapter 6 Modeling and Simulation on the Recycling Process of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials, Chapter 7 Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Study of Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process with RecycLiCoTM Process and Electrodialysis. The primary types of metal recovery processes are electrolysis, gaseous reduction, and precipitation. 80, 7988 (2015). Hydrometallurgical process development to recycle valuable metals from spent SCR deNOX catalyst. Abstract Among existing and emerging technologies to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles, pyrometallurgical processes are commercially used. [5], The lixiviant solution conditions vary in terms of pH, oxidation-reduction potential, presence of chelating agents and temperature, to optimize the rate, extent and selectivity of dissolution of the desired metal component into the aqueous phase. This eBook is already in your shopping cart. The amount of vanadium and tungsten leached according to each experimental condition is shown in Fig. While the solubility of this complex makes sulfuric acid a desirable leaching agent, nitric and hydrochloric acid can also be used, but are typically not due to their higher cost and corrosiveness. The scanning electron microscope and energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEMEDS, JSM-6380LA, Japan) was used to analyze the surface and composition of samples. Therefore, a 0.4 ratio of NaOH/feedstock is considered as optimum for further experiments. Lead acid battery recycling for the twenty-first century Moreover, the percentage of silicon compounds varies, which is in accordance to the results obtained in the roasting and leaching parameters analyzed previously. Clean. [citation needed] The metal will be exchanged from the PLS to the organic they are modified. With Metsos technology, the critical metals can be sustainably extracted from black mass and reused in new battery production or in other applications," Simola says. Choi, I. H., Moon, G., Lee, J. Y. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the phase and reaction temperature of NaOH used as a roasting agent in the amount of vanadium, tungsten and silicon present in the leaching solution. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Wastewater Treatment Solutions. Front. 16, 665670 (2003). 3a the leaching efficiency does not improve with the increase of the pulp density. From 2014 to 2022, Prof. Zhang was ranked in the top 1% of Highly Cited Researchers in the world and has also been listed as one of the 3000 Worlds Most Influential Scientific Minds by Thomson Reuters in 20142016. Minerals 6, 107 (110) https://doi.org/10.3390/min604010 (2016). Clean. We can also support our customers in the design of the process with our comprehensive testing and research capabilities, says Mikko Rantaharju, Vice President, Hydrometallurgy at Metso. After leaching, the leach liquor must normally undergo concentration of the metal ions that are to be recovered. 60, 13061316 (2017). \(UF_6\) can be easily turned into a gas for enrichment based off of the differing efffusion rates of the different isotopes. Additionally, undesirable metal ions sometimes require removal. When using dissolved NaOH as a roasting agent, the leaching rate was very low at 773K, but it increased significantly at 873K, and it was found to reach the maximum at 973K. On the other hand, when the roasting agent is solid NaOH, the reaction starts after NaOH melting resulting in a lower leaching efficiency of the title metals. Several researchers have studied the ideal conditions for roasting and leaching of spent SCR catalyst, however leaching time has always been long (at least 1h) to maximize the leaching of vanadium and tungsten19,20,24,25. Rajesh Kumar Jyothi. He is a former Principal Research Officer at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Fellow of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC-CA), Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry (FISE), Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada (FEIC), Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering (FCAE), Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC-UK), and the Founder/Chairman of The International Academy of Electrochemical Energy Science (IAOEES). The primary types of metal recovery processes are electrolysis, gaseous reduction, and precipitation. For water leaching the parameters to consider are solid liquid ratio, the reaction temperature, and reaction time. Therefore, an experiment was performed to reduce the leaching rate of SiO2 while maximizing the leaching conditions for vanadium and tungsten. Spent catalyst, containing vanadium and tungsten oxide in a TiO2 glass fiber matrix, pose a risk of environmental contamination due to the high toxicity of its metal oxides if leached into the soil when disposed in landfills. & Kang, J. Leaching of spent selective catalytic reduction catalyst using alkaline melting for recovery of titanium, tungsten, and vanadium. While, above 40%, the leaching efficiency decreases. Optimizing vanadium and tungsten leaching with lowered silicon from spent SCR catalyst by pre-mixing treatment. As shown in Fig. Hydrometallurgy 189, 105132 (2019). These processes are used as benchmark for evaluating an advanced hydrometallurgical recycling process, which is modeled on the basis of primary data obtained from a recycling company, quantifying the potential reduction of environmental impacts that can be achieved by the recycling of different cell chemistries. Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials Summarizes current recycling processes, challenges, and perspectives. However, in the spent SCR catalysts, in addition to vanadium and tungsten, acting as the main catalytic agents, there is a glass fiber matrix that improves the mechanical properties of the catalyst and its mainly formed of SiO2, therefore Na2SiO3 is generated (reaction 3) during the roasting process. One of the most common and effective catalyst are SCR catalysts consisting of V2O5WO3/TiO2 which, generally have very high Ti, W and V content, consequently it can be an economic and environmental feasible option to recover and reuse them. Toward a cellchemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithiumion Development of a Highly Efficient Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process In the soda roasting process, the reaction temperature is a very important factor in the conversion of V2O5 and WO3 to NaVO3 and Na2WO4 from the feedstock. Battery black massrecycling is becoming an important means to complement virgin battery metals supply and to reduce the carbon footprint of the battery supply chain, the Finland-based equipment and processing technology provider says. As shown in Fig. This study was supported by the R&D Center for Valuable Recycling (Global-Top R&D Program) of the Ministry of Environment (Project Number: 2019002230001), Korea.This work was supported by Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(20217510100020, Development of platform process using common core and materialization technology for rare metal recovery from industrial low-grade waste liquid). (2016) studied the reprocessing of tungsten from spent SCR catalyst (honeycomb type) by alkali leaching-ion exchange method. Hydrometallurgy is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy, the obtaining of metals from their ores. All rights reserved. 8. This page was last edited on 26 March 2023, at 09:31. J. Taiwan Inst. Ms. A.B.C.S. Choi, I. H., Moon, G., Lee, J. Y. Choi et al. The resulting streams will be a stripped organic and a rich electrolyte. With the launch of the battery black mass recycling process, our offering for the battery minerals value chain covers 90% of the end-to-end production process. Hydrometallurgy 201, 105576 (2021). Yao, J. et al. Recycling Batteries Sparks New Market Opportunities Rep. 9, 18 (2019). Thus, for an ideal mass transfer 30% pulp density was set as the optimum condition. Dr. J.H.J. Dr. Jung was appointed as the Director of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Center at the Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University from 2018 to 2022. The mixture of NaOH aqueous solution and feedstock was roasted in a muffle furnace for 2h at 973K, and after roasting; the sample was added to distilled water and leached at 278K for 3h with a pulp density of 30%. 2a. Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. In addition, the morphology of the sample keeps the rod-type structure without a great change in shape or dimensions, which leads to the conclusion that a smaller amount of silicon was leached when NaOH solution is used as a roasting agent, in addition some small agglomeration of particles on top of the fiberglass is indicative of vanadium and tungsten not leached during the process. During the present research the roasting process of spent SCR catalyst was optimized comparing NaOH dry roasting and aqueous roasting using NaOH solution as a roasting agent. Moon, G., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. Y. The solution is then collected and processed. Various experiments were used to examine how the pulp density influence in the leaching at 298K and 300rpm for a sufficient time to have complete leaching (120min). 4c) the rod structures show a smooth texture. Customer preferences like text size, font type, page color and more. You have entered an incorrect email address! After optimization, the ideal parameters are roasting using a 0.4 ratio of NaOH/spent SCR catalyst in solution for 2h at 973K and de-ionized water leaching for 30min, at 298K with a pulp density of 30%. | Privacy Policy In the soda roasting process, vanadium and tungsten react with NaOH to form the water-soluble compounds NaVO 3 and Na 2 WO 4 as shown in reaction 1 and 2.However, in the spent SCR catalysts, in . Sometimes thermal pre-treatment (pyrolysis) is applied as well. Evaluation of molybdenum recovery from sulfur removed spent catalyst using leaching and solvent extraction, Efficient Synchronous Extraction of Nickel, Copper, and Cobalt from LowNickel Matte by Sulfation RoastingWater Leaching Process, Synthesis of Scandium Phosphate after Peroxide Assisted Leaching of Iron Depleted Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Slags, Upcycling of Fe-bearing sludge: preparation of erdite-bearing particles for treating pharmaceutical manufacture wastewater, Recyclable NiO/sepiolite as adsorbent to remove organic dye and its regeneration, Removal of ammonium ion from aqueous solutions by using unmodified and H2O2-modified zeolitic waste, Waste tea residue adsorption coupled with electrocoagulation for improvement of copper and nickel ions removal from simulated wastewater, Hexavalent chromium elimination from wastewater by integrated micro-electrolysis composites synthesized from red mud and rice straw via a facile one-pot method, Wet oxidation and catalytic wet oxidation of pharmaceutical sludge, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123717, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38106-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105576, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. In the leaching process, oxidation potential, temperature, and pH of the solution are important parameters, and are often manipulated to optimize dissolution of the desired metal component into the aqueous phase. [citation needed]. Due to the huge increase in the . Erik PRASETYO | Researcher | Doctor of Philosophy | Indonesian Recycl. 7 that after leaching the density of sodium particles present in the sample decreases, while the percentage of vanadium almost keeps constant (due to the small initial presence of this element) but tungsten decreases significatively. The main goal of the investigation is to maximize the leaching efficiency of both metals while minimizing the silicon compounds leached into the pregnant solution. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrometallurgy&oldid=1146675803, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. To hear autocomplete suggestions tab past the search button after typing keywords. The process flowsheet can be tailored according to feed materials and desired end products with a possible phased approach for adding equipment also for the recovery of less valuable materials. Literature Review of the Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Printed The main advantage of the proposed process is the increase of the leaching efficiency of vanadium and tungsten with a minimization of silicon impurities in a shorter time regardless of the leaching temperature. 4b1,c1 the rods are not clear in shape at low magnification due to the crushing done with mortar and pestle to the roasted residue before leaching. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles B., Parhi, P. K., Thenepalli, T. & Jyothi, R. K. Rare-Earth Metal Recovery for Green Technologies. Metsos hydrometallurgical black mass recycling process has been designed to treat mechanically separated and shredded batteries for recovering battery raw materials including nickel, cobalt, lithium, manganese and copper. [clarification needed] The resulting streams will be a loaded organic and a raffinate. { "23.1:_Occurance_and_Distribution_of__Metals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.2:_Pyrometallurgy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.3:_Hydrometallurgy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.4:_Electrometallurgy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.5:_Metallic_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.6:_Alloys" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.7:_Transition_Metals" : "property get [Map 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hydrometallurgical recycling process 2023