[77][78] An exemplification of the syncretism in the region would be that people were patrons of Buddhism but still worshipped local Iranian gods such as Ahura Mazda, Lady Nana, Anahita or Mihr(Mithra) and portrayed Greek Gods like Heracles or Tyche as protectors of Buddha. [296] of the country's population. He was known as the "Iron Amir" for his features and his ruthless methods against tribes. The name Afghanistan (Afghnistn, land of the Afghans / Pashtuns, afghina, sing. Zaman Shah embarked on his third campaign for Punjab in 1800 to deal with a rebellious Ranjit Singh. Their decline began 60 years after Ashoka's rule ended, leading to the Hellenistic reconquest by the Greco-Bactrians. The region at the time was referred to as Ariana. [51] Throughout millennia several cities within the modern day Afghanistan served as capitals of various empires, namely, Bactra (Balkh), Alexandria on the Oxus (Ai-Khanoum), Kapisi, Sigal, Kabul, Kunduz, Zaranj, Firozkoh, Herat, Ghazna (Ghazni), Binban (Bamyan), and Kandahar. However, Afghanistan remains among the world's least developed countries, ranking 180th in the Human development Index, while its per capita GDP ranking amongst the lowest of any country as of 2020[update]. Among the most well known are the Great Mosque of Herat, the Blue Mosque, the Minaret of Jam, the Chil Zena, the Qala-i Bost in Lashkargah, the ancient Greek city of Ai-Khanoum. Here's the Latest Update on Negotiation Talks", "Taliban close to forming new government in Afghanistan", "Taliban again postpone Afghan govt formation announcement", "New 'inclusive' Afghanistan government to be announced soon: Taliban", "Taliban News: Taliban capture Panjshir, soon to announce future government", "Afghanistan: Women protest against all-male Taliban government", "Taliban to reshuffle cabinet to get international recognition", "Taliban cancels girls' higher education despite promise", "For Afghan Officials, Prospect of Death Comes With Territory", "Explaining Elections, Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan", "An Assessment of Afghanistan's Municipal Governance Framework", "China Embraces High-Stakes Taliban Relationship as U.S. Exits", "Taliban still struggling for international recognition", "Hillary Clinton says Afghanistan 'major non-Nato ally', "Biden will rescind Afghanistan's designation as a major non-NATO ally", "White House defends letting billions in military equipment fall into Taliban hands", "Staggering Costs U.S. Military Equipment Left Behind In Afghanistan", "The LGBT community living under threat of death", "LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds", "For Afghan Sikhs, it's between violence and exodus", "India Offers Escape to Afghan Hindus and Sikhs Facing Attacks", "Where in the world is the worst place to be a Christian? [463], Private vehicle ownership has increased substantially since the early 2000s. [363] Each province has a governor and a capital. National Independence Day is celebrated on 19 August to mark the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 under King Amanullah Khan and the country's full independence. Several foreign diplomats and Afghan government officials, including president Ashraf Ghani,[225] were evacuated from the country, with many Afghan civilians attempting to flee along with them. Although initially claiming it would form an inclusive government for the country, in September 2021 the Taliban re-established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan with an interim government made up entirely of Taliban members. "Without doubt, the Oslo talks were a gigantic achievement to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan," said Shafi Azam, a foreign ministry official in the Afghan Taliban government. [48] The last part of the name, "-stan", is a Persian suffix meaning "place of". [336] It was reported recently that about 80,000 people are missing limbs. In recent years, there has been an uptick in saffron production, which authorities and farmers trying to replace poppy cultivation. [500] It has been claimed that Afghanistan is among the biggest markets for the Hindi film industry. The Sikhs would lose over 30,000 in this battle and would stage a Durrani resurgence in the Punjab. [138] This would trigger a series of events that would dramatically turn Afghanistan from a poor and secluded (albeit peaceful) country to a hotbed of international terrorism. [273][274] However, two-thirds of the country's water flows into the neighboring countries of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkmenistan. A rail line between Khaf, Iran and Herat, western Afghanistan, intended for both freight and passengers, is under construction as of 2019. [285], The forest region of Afghanistan has vegetation such as pine trees, spruce trees, fir trees and larches, whereas the steppe grassland regions consist of broadleaf trees, short grass, perennial plants and shrublands. Dostum's forces were defeated by the Taliban during the Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif in 1997 and 1998; Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, Pervez Musharraf, began sending thousands of Pakistanis to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance. [189][190][191] The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion of their country. 23 Aug 2021 Following the Taliban's stunning takeover of the Afghan capital, Kabul, a pressing discussion has revolved around the new government's legal system and, more specifically, how it will. [377][378] However an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between children and older men (typically wealthy warlords or elite people) called bacha bazi persists. The present Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is currently internationally unrecognized, but has had notable unofficial ties with China, Pakistan, and Qatar. [469] One writer considers the tribal system to be the best way of organizing large groups of people in a country that is geographically difficult, and in a society that, from a materialistic point of view, has an uncomplicated lifestyle. Fateh Khan, leader of the Barakzai tribe, installed many of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire, mostly ruling as governors of major cities and provinces. Due to the. King Zahir Shah, like his father Nadir Shah, had a policy of maintaining national independence while pursuing gradual modernization, creating nationalist feeling, and improving relations with the United Kingdom. [46], Historically, the ethnonym Afghn was used to refer to ethnic Pashtuns. [364] The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces. [133], Mohammed Zahir Shah, Nadir Shah's 19-year-old son, succeeded to the throne and reigned as King from 1933 to 1973. [431] In 2016 Afghanistan used 0.73 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. [156] Heavy air bombardment destroyed many countryside villages, millions of landmines were planted,[157] and some cities such as Herat and Kandahar were also damaged from bombardment. [158] After the Soviet withdrawal, the civil war ensued until the communist regime under People's Democratic Party leader Mohammad Najibullah collapsed in 1992. Ahmad Shah had then conquered Herat in 1750, and had also captured Kashmir in 1752. 1 Jun 2023 - 19:42. The Afghan Pashto literature, although quantitatively remarkable and in great growth in the last century, has always had an essentially local meaning and importance, feeling the influence of both Persian literature and the contiguous literatures of India. [499] Press restrictions have been gradually relaxed and private media diversified since 2002, after more than two decades of tight controls. [394] A number of local and foreign banks operate in the country, including the Afghanistan International Bank, New Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Pashtany Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, and the First Micro Finance Bank. In terms of the economy of the country, it's a disaster."[255]. [426] Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least $1 trillion. An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan, shows Afghanistan to have been a part of Indus Valley Civilization. [399] An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year. Improvements to the business environment have resulted in more than $1.5billion in telecom investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003. It is also the world's largest producer of opium,[40] second largest producer of cannabis,[41] and third largest of both saffron[42] and cashmere. Following 2002, nearly five million Afghans were repatriated. During this time, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between the British Empire (in British-ruled India) and the Russian Empire. [267] The country is generally arid in the summers, with most rainfall falling between December and April. [523] Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as International Workers' Day and International Women's Day. An Outline of the History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 17221922)", "Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present", "The History Of Afghanistan Fay Muammad Ktib Hazrah's Sirj Al Tawrkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami", "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction", In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 17751842, "THE RAJ RECONSIDERED: BRITISH INDIA'S INFORMAL EMPIRE AND SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN ASIA AND AFRICA", "Afghan Women Hope for More Gains Under New Administration Afghanistan", "Afghan rail plan among proposals for donors", "Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time", "Afghanistan: History Of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Relations With Pakistan", "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths", "Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan", "Landmines in Afghanistan: A Decades Old Danger", "Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia", "Afghanistan: Land Mines From Afghan-Soviet War Leave Bitter Legacy (Part 2)", 'Mujahidin vs. Communists: Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost, "Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity", "Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 19782001", "Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. [285] Bicycles are popular throughout Afghanistan.
After Oslo talks, what's next for Afghanistan? | News | Al Jazeera Therefore, "Afghanistan" translates to "land of the Afghans", or "land of the Pashtuns" in a historical sense. [416][417] In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the US Geological Survey are worth at least $1 trillion. Much of it soon broke away from them and became part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The 1930s saw the development of roads, infrastructure, the founding of a national bank, and increased education. The geography in Afghanistan is varied, but is mostly mountainous and rugged, with some unusual mountain ridges accompanied by plateaus and river basins. [175] The Taliban were condemned internationally for the harsh enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic sharia law, which resulted in the brutal treatment of many Afghans, especially women. [371] Such qualification was rescinded by US President Joe Biden in July 2022. [410], Saffron, the most expensive spice, grows in Afghanistan, particularly Herat Province. ", "Afghanistan: Sikhs rebuilding gurdwaras", "Afghanistan: What does Taliban rule mean for Sikhs and Hindus? [528] The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal, a 5-a-side variation of football.
Taliban Takeover of Afghanistan - The New York Times [340], Following the effective collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan during the 2021 Taliban offensive, the Taliban declared the country an Islamic Emirate. Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province functioned as an organizational and networking base for the anti-Soviet Afghan resistance, with the province's influential Deobandi ulama playing a major supporting role in promoting the 'jihad'. Serious traffic accidents are common on Afghan roads and highways, particularly on the KabulKandahar and the KabulJalalabad Road.
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