state the relationship between geography and statistics

The challenges of studying economic geography include causal complexity and measurement issues. Socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity have been associated with avoidable procedures, avoidable hospitalizations, and untreated disease (Fiscella, Franks, Gold, & Clancy, 2008). Throughout the region, relatively flat intermontane basins and bolsones (ephemeral interior drainage basins) are interrupted by mountainous outcrops. To the northwest and paralleling the coast is the Grijalva River valley. Longman, Harlow, UK, Martin R, Sunley P (1996) Paul Krugmans geographical economics and its implications for regional development theory: a critical assessment. It has been highly incised by westward-flowing streams that have formed a series of gorges, or barrancas, the most spectacular of which is the complex known as Copper Canyon (Barranca del Cobre) in southwestern Chihuahua state. Negative net worth, zero net worth and not owning a home in young adulthood are significantly associated with depressive symptoms, independent of the other socioeconomic indicators (Mossakowski, 2008). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in There is little surface drainage, and subterranean erosion has produced caverns and sinkholes (cenotes), the latter being formed when cavern roofs collapse. The process of analyzing data to identify geographic relationships, patterns, and trends, A. Analyzes simple graphs, tables, and maps using geographic data to identify relationships, patterns, and trends, as exemplified by, 1. This could be due to adverse health effects of more concentrated disadvantage or a range of experiences related to racial bias (Braveman, Cubbin, Egerter, Williams, & Pamuk, 2010). At this critical juncture, Geography must continue to develop through its vibrant connections with other fields and geographers should continue to exhibit interdisciplinary leadership by embracing different perspectives, by supporting institutional arrangements that foster interdisciplinary activity, and by seeking the knowledge and techniques that other fields can contribute to geographic perspectives, approaches, and insights to the collective effort. First emerging in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Quantitative Revolution responded to the rising regional geography paradigm. Rev Int Econ 1(10):110122, Latour B (2005) Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network-theory. Can Geogr 58(1):110, Lenzen M et al (2013) Building Eora: a global multi-region inputoutput database at high country and sector resolution. Health Affairs, 27, 393-403. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.393. 1.1) and Ratzel's scientific Political Geography (Sect. American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S186-S196. A cross tabulation is a two-way table with the rows of the table representing the classes of one variable and the columns of the table representing the classes of another variable. Poverty, specifically, is not a single factor but rather is characterized by multiple physical and psychosocial stressors. Harrap & Co., London, Barrows HH (1923) Geography as human ecology. J Econ Geogr 12(1):127155, Li P, Bathelt H (2018) Location strategy in cluster networks. Yet even the bustling capital city, which has been continually built and rebuilt on the rubble of past civilizations, reveals Mexicos wide range of social, economic, and cultural struggles. Methods of probability were developed initially for the analysis of gambling games. McGuire, T. G., & Miranda, J. The changing administrative place of geography in UK higher education. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:80808085, Van Wey LK, Ostrom E, Meretsky V (2005) Theories underlying the study of human-environment interactions. It is sometimes difficult to separate the processes involved in organizing geographic information from the procedures used in analyzing it; the two processes go on simultaneously in many cases. (2014). Sustainability Policy| https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2014/nsf14601/nsf14601.htm (accessed 3 Apr 2020), OKelly M, Bryan D (1996) Agricultural location theory: von Thunens contribution to economic geography. Mapping census 2010: the geography of American change by Riley Peake. Some themes Reg Stud 54(5):591595, Krugman P (1991) Geography and trade. Universe Books, New York, Meadows ME (2018) Geographical research and future earth. Univariate methods of descriptive statistics use data to enhance the understanding of a single variable; multivariate methods focus on using statistics to understand the relationships among two or more variables. The entry in each cell of the table would specify the number of data values with the gender given by the row heading and the age given by the column heading. Geography is important because it is the basis for taking a census and for tabulating census data. the natural sciences, socioeconomic sciences, humanities, human-environment relationships, and sustainability science. This volcanic range includes the spectacular peaks Citlaltpetl, Popocatpetl, and Iztacchuatl (Ixtacihuatl), among others. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(1), 13-105. doi:10.1177/0011000006292033, Fiscella, K., Franks, P., Gold, M. R., & Clancy, C. M. (2008). Political Science studies about the state. Professor Emeritus of Geography, San Diego State University, California. But in other instances, analysis follows the manipulation of raw data into an easily understood and usable form. Jones, J., & Schmitt, J. American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, Pacific Islander and Native Hawaiian families are more likely than Caucasian and Asian families to live in poverty (U.S. Census Bureau, 2014). worldwide and cover key issues in an informative and accessible way. Low birth weight, which is related to a number of negative child health outcomes, has been associated with lower SES and ethnic/minority status (Fiscella et al., 2008). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The most common tabular summary of data for two variables is a cross tabulation, a two-variable analogue of a frequency distribution. Labels for the categories of the qualitative variable are shown on the horizontal axis of the graph. Health Affairs, 1-6. All students need to develop these analytical skills. Blackwell, Oxford, Castree N, Christophers B (2015) Banking spatially on the future: capital switching, infrastructure and the ecological fix. 2014-08). Cap Class 6:106125, Marsh GP (1864) Man and nature. The area of descriptive statistics is concerned primarily with methods of presenting and interpreting data using graphs, tables, and numerical summaries. 5. (2022). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In the north the Chihuahuan Desert covers a section of the plateau that is more extensive than the U.S. state of California. Such a cross tabulation could be helpful in understanding the relationship between gender and age. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. The labels male and female provide the qualitative data for gender, and the labels single, married, divorced, and widowed indicate marital status. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Remaining true to the afore-presented intention to lay the foundations for a systematic study of Ratzel's work, this chapter ventures to clarify the relationship between Ratzel and modern geopolitics by first defining the nature of geopolitics (Sect. Geography Program - Census.gov Geogr Sustain 1:8892, Meadows ME (2022) Where is the anthropocene? Mexicos urban growing pains are in sharp counterpoint to the traditional lifestyles that prevail in more-isolated rural areas. Read More. Ecol Soc 18(2):26, Liu J et al (2016) Pandas and people: coupling human and natural systems for sustainability. (2006, October). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to facilitate the presentation and interpretation of data. MIT Press, Cambridge MA, pp 321, Moran EF (2010) Environmental social science: human-environment interactions and sustainability. A rectangle is drawn above each class such that the base of the rectangle is equal to the width of the class interval and its height is proportional to the number of data values in the class. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(49):1944919450, Kates RW et al (2001) Sustainability science. Retrieved from http://cepr.net/publications/reports/a-college-degree-is-no-guarantee, Logan, A. 1974 Royal Statistical Society Health policy brief: Achieving equity in health. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Science 347:125132, Lu D, Guo L (1998) Man-earth areal system: the core of geographical studyon the geographical thoughts and academic contributions of academician Chuanjun Wu. The chapter highlight five arenas of interaction between geography and other disciplines, viz. Routledge, London, McGinnis M, Ostrom E (2014) Social-ecological system framework: initial changes and continuing challenges. Mon Rev 18(4):1731, Fujita M, Krugman P, Venables AJ (1999) The spatial economy: cities, regions and international trade. Springer, Cham. The triangular northern portion of the plain, which is characterized by lagoons and low-lying swampy areas, reaches a width of more than 100 miles (160 km) near the U.S. border but tapers toward the south. Prog Human Geogr 9(3):415423, Li P, Bathelt H, Wang J (2012) Network dynamics and cluster evolution: changing trajectories of the aluminum extrusion industry in Dali, China. which cannot be controlled by man. Ruishan Chen . A college degree is no guarantee (No. other fields of knowledge. As students analyze and interpret information, meaningful patterns or processes emerge. In: Haberl H et al (eds) Social ecology. Past epochs never vanish completely, and blood still drips from all their wounds, even the most ancient. For example, suppose that a particular study is interested in characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and annual income for a sample of 100 individuals. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 161185, Fink LD (1979) The changing location of academic geographers in the United States. the history and philosophy of statistics and the interaction of statistics with In states such as Oaxaca or Chiapas, small communal villages remain where indigenous peasants live much as their ancestors did. 1. Other important themes include Consideration of scale and place-based perspectives are essential in helping to resolve such complex issues. Including these insular territories, the roughly triangular country covers an area about three times the size of Texas. If two variables are independent, then the value of one variable has no relationship to the value of the other variable. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 102:737747, Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. J Int Bus Stud 49:967898, Liu J (2017) Integration across a metacoupled world. Omissions? African-Americans (53 percent) and Latinos (43 percent) are more likely to receive high-cost mortgages than Caucasians (18 percent; Logan, 2008). The state of minorities: How are minorities faring in the economy? Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. Omissions? Econ Geogr 72(3):259292, Massey D (1978) Regionalism: some current issues. federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [128]; Chamber of Deputies [500]), Early, Middle, and Late Formative periods, The age of Santa Anna: Texas and the Mexican-American War, The Mexican Revolution and its aftermath, 191040, The election of Lpez Obrador and the shift leftward, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? The relationship between geography and the selection of university is well documented and suggests that a student's location substantially limits their choice of institution. Cohen The topic of my discussion today is Geography and Stra- tegy : Their Interrelationship. One of the main elements of state is territory. the natural sciences, socioeconomic sciences, humanities, human-environment relationships, and sustainability science. Health disparities may stem from economic determinants, education, geography and neighborhood, environment, lower quality care, inadequate access to care, inability to navigate the system, provider ignorance or bias, and stress (Bahls, 2011). Constructing a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable requires more care in defining the classes and the division points between adjacent classes. Understanding the Black and White earnings gap: Why do African Americans continue to earn less despite dramatic gains in education? statistical computing and all aspects of statistics in sport. Terms of Service| Correspondence to The Northeast--with the highest percentage of urban areas and white population--reported the highest percentage of early-stage breast cancer at presentation, suggesting a link between these variables. Methuen, London, Clark J (2018) Policy through Practice: local communities, self-organization, and policy. Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Department of Humanities: History, Geography and Art, Carlos III University of Madrid, Getafe, Madrid, Spain, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, Archive for Geography, Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Leipzig, Germany, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Chen, R., Zhu, A., Li, Y., Li, P., Ye, C., Meadows, M.E. 1145 17th Street NW aims to bridge the gap between statistical theory and practice and to provide In turn, these towns appear as historical relics when compared with the modern metropolis of Mexico City. To construct a cross tabulation using the variables gender and age, gender could be shown with two rows, male and female, and age could be shown with six columns corresponding to the age classes 2029, 3039, 4049, 5059, 6069, and 7079. first published by the Institute in 1950 as The Incorporated Statistician. Among its towering volcanic peaks are Citlaltpetl (also called Orizaba), which forms the highest point in the country at 18,406 feet (5,610 metres), and the active volcano Popocatpetl, which rises to 17,930 feet (5,465 metres) to the southeast of Mexico City. Professional Geographer 31:217226, Fischer-Kowalski M, Weisz H (2016) The archipelago of social ecology and the island of the Vienna School. Race, socioeconomic status and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges and research opportunities. Geography, income play roles in life expectancy, new Stanford research The relationship between SES, race and ethnicity is intimately intertwined. Low SES and its correlates, such as lower educational achievement, poverty and poor health, ultimately affect our society. GIS (Geographic Information System) - National Geographic Society Geography has historically enjoyed strong interactions with other disciplines in addressing major challenges related to social, economic, and environmental issues and in contributing overall to sustainability. Stay up to date on legislation and policies that explore and work to eliminate socioeconomic disparities. Series D (The Statistician) Croom Helm, London, Carson R (1962) Silent spring. The Southern Highlands are a series of highly dissected mountain ranges and plateaus, including the Sierra Madre del Sur, Mesa del Sur, and the Chiapas Highlands, also called the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. However, there are few studies investigating the interplay between geography and the decision to attend university, particularly in the UK. Sage, London, pp 4665, Johnston RJ, Sidaway JD (eds) (2004) Geography and geographers, Anglo-American human geography since 1945, London, Arnold, p 527, Kates RW (1995) Labnotes from the Jeremiah experiment: hope for a sustainable transition. Nature Sustainability 2:892894, Minca C (2001) Postmodern geography: theory and Praxis. Furthermore, communities are often segregated by SES, race, and ethnicity. The IGU continues to play an important role in facilitating knowledge development and sharing, and in encouraging transformational actions that promote a just, peaceful, and sustainable planet. In: Clifford NJ, Holloway SL, Rice S, Valentine G (eds) Key concepts in geography. Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Series D (The Statistician). From 2000 to 2013 the dropout rate between racial groups narrowed significantly. Acta Geogr Sin 53(2):97105, Ma S, Wang R (1984) The social-economic-natural complex ecosystem. SES affects overall human functioning, including our physical and mental health. Bounded on the east by the steep-sided Sierra Madre Occidental, the lowlands are a series of coastal terraces, mesas, and small basins interspersed with riverine deltas and restricted coastal strips. Coauthor of. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Sometimes the most remote or hostile beliefs and feelings are found together in one city or one soul, or are superimposed like [pre-Columbian] pyramids that almost always conceal others. to reflect the maturity of statistics as a science in its own right and as an Statistics | Definition, Types, & Importance | Britannica Inequities in health distribution, resource distribution, and quality of life are increasing in the United States and globally. Econ Dev Q 14(1):1534, Reinfried S (2009) Education for sustainable development and the Lucerne declaration. National Academies Press, Washington DC, National Science Foundation (2014) Dynamics of coupled natural and human systems. The process of analyzing data to identify geographic relationships, patterns, and trends Therefore, the student: A. Analyzes simple graphs, tables, and maps using geographic data to identify relationships, patterns, and trends, as exemplified by The cultural remnants of great pre-Columbian civilizations, such as Teotihuacn or the Mayan pyramids at Chichn Itz and Tulum, provide a contrast to colonial towns such as Taxco or Quertaro. Often considered an extension of the Rocky Mountains (which are cut by the Rio Grande but continue in New Mexico and western Texas), it runs roughly 700 miles (1,100 km) from north to south before merging with the Cordillera Neo-Volcnica. The process of analyzing data to describe geographic relationships, patterns, and trends, A. Analyzes graphs, tables, and maps using geographic data to describe relationships, patterns, and trends, as exemplified by, 1. Farther northeast is the Mesa del Sur, with numerous stream-eroded ridges and small isolated valleys some 4,0005,000 feet (1,2001,500 metres) above sea level. In: Hertel TW (ed) Global trade analysis: modeling and applications. The electronic version of The Statistician is available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com. The Census Bureau also maintains unique geographic areas that other local, state and federal agencies use. American Council on Education. The Relations Between History and Geography* - JSTOR Home A bar graph of the marital status for the 100 individuals in the above example is shown in Figure 1. Wealth partially explains racial and ethnic differences in depression. For a qualitative variable, a frequency distribution shows the number of data values in each qualitative category. Wiley, London, Moran EF, Brondizio E (1998) Land-use change after deforestation in Amazonia. 1 Bisecting the Southern Highlands is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a low-lying, narrow constriction of land that reaches an elevation of less than 900 feet (275 metres). Blackwell, Oxford, Storper (2013) Keys to the city: how economics, institutions, social interaction and politics shape development. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Mexico is located in one of the Earths most dynamic tectonic areas. Geographic Inequalities and Access to Higher Education: Is the The Cordillera Neo-Volcnica, also called the Neo-Volcanic Axis or Trans-Volcanic Axis, is a geologically active mountain range whose smoldering cinder cones link the Sierra Madre Occidental with the Sierra Madre Oriental at the southern edge of the Mesa Central. Geography and macroeconomics: New data and new findings | PNAS Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:80748079, Turner BL et al (2003b) Illustrating the coupled humanenvironment system for vulnerability analysis: three case studies. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it. Sage, London, National Research Council (1997) Rediscovering geography: new relevance for science and society. The central core of the peninsula is a granitic fault block with peaks of more than 9,000 feet (2,700 metres) above sea level in the Sierra San Pedro Mrtir and Sierra de Jurez. Analyzing Geographic Information | National Geographic Society Both activities involve the use and development of students spatial skills. of Statisticians after the merger of the two bodies in 1993. Constructing a scatter plot of data to identify possible relationships or trends in the data. Hispanics and African-Americans report a lower risk of having a psychiatric disorder compared with their white counterparts, but those who become ill tend to have more persistent disorders (McGuire & Miranda, 2008). From there the Mesa Central stretches to a point just south of Mexico City. Oxford, UK and Princeton, NJ, USA, Princeton University Press, Swyngedouw E (2013) Into the sea: desalination as hydro-social fix in Spain. Journal of the National Medical Association, 95, 791-797, 802-805. Asia: Human Geography - National Geographic Society This in turn has had its effects on relations between geography and statistics. Land is the soil that breeds human beings. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicates that African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians have higher rates of PTSD than Whites, which are not accounted for by SES and their history of psychiatric disorders (Carter, 2007). Contact Us. Wiley, London, Rose G (1993) Feminism and geography: the limits of geographical knowledge. Canadian Geogr 53(2):123138, Smith N (1984) Uneven development: nature, capital and the production of space. Being able to analyze geographic information enables students to engage in doing geography by using analytical methods to interpret and evaluate geographic information. Ecol Soc 18(4):26, Brundtland GH (1987) Our common future.
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