Shia jurisprudence books were banned, the traditional annual Shia mourning procession of Ashura was discouraged, and operating independent Islamic religious establishments remained illegal. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni Unfortunately, from 1987 to 2007, "as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died" in Shia-Sunni sectarian fighting in Pakistan", 300 being killed in 2006. Also potentially, there are as many Shias in India as there are in Iraq.[31][32][33]. Some Shia have complained of mistreatment in countries dominated by Sunnis, especially in Saudi Arabia,[81] while some Sunnis have complained of discrimination in the Twelver-dominated states of Iraq and Iran. The Sunni hegemony did not undercut the Shia presence in Iran. PDF Sunni-Shia Tensions - Pew Research Center However, in a video message, Al-Qaeda deputy Dr Ayman al-Zawahiri directed Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, not to attack civilian targets but to focus on the occupation troops. Although reformist President Mohammad Khatami promised during his election campaign to build a Sunni mosque in Tehran, none was built during his eight years in office. "[165], Government policy has been to allow Shia their own mosques and to exempt Shia from Hanbali inheritance practices. On her account, she can be seen sporting clothing, makeup and accessories from companies like Hijabi Mama, The Date Palm and Culture. Working together for an inclusive Europe. They ended their vlog explaining how they wouldnt just not have a wedding and do nothing after that. For example, there are festivals which Sunnis and Shias do not celebrate in the same way, such as Ashura. From the rules of both Sunni and Shia Islam, marriage between Sunni and Shia Muslim is allowed, and Sunni nikah is also recognized valid in Shia Islam; so it is not compulsory to change from this point. [108], While Shia make up roughly 10% of Saudi Arabia's population,[160] they form a large portion of the residents of the eastern province of Hasaby some estimates a majority[161]where much of the petroleum industry is based. Although the founder of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, supported good SunniShia relations, there have been complaints by Sunni of discrimination, particularly in important government positions. [79] Shias are estimated to be 10-15% of the Muslim population in India and Pakistan and less than 1% of Muslim population in Bangladesh, although the total number is difficult to estimate due to the intermingling between the two groups and practice of taqiyya by Shia. In Indonesia, in 2015, Sunni clerics denounced the Shia as "heretics", and the mayor of Bogor proposed banning the Shia Ashura holy day. The general observations recorded by Muslim travellers passing through the Levant during the tenth and eleventh centuries, notably al-Maqdisi in his geographical works, The best divisions in the knowledge of the regions, as well as Ibn Jubayr, indicate that Shia Muslims made up the majority of the populations of the regions of the Levant during this era, notably in the cities of Damascus, Tiberias, Nablus, Tyre, Homs and Jabal Amel. In this paper, we use young Canadian Muslims' lived experience of multiculturalism to reflect on this debate. (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad). The Majority of Saudi Shia belong to the sect of the Twelvers. After the Mongols and the fall of the Abbasids, the Sunni Ulama suffered greatly. [202], The small Persian Gulf island state of Bahrain has a Shia majority but is ruled by Sunni Al Khalifa family as a constitutional monarchy, with Sunni dominating the ruling class and military and disproportionately represented in the business and landownership. After the Mongol invasion Shiims and Sufism once again formed a close association in many ways. 923.4K Followers. [112] Shia scholar Vali Nasr believes the election turnout in summer and December 2005 confirmed a strong Shia majority in Iraq. A psychology graduate in my former life now enjoying being a stay-at-home mum. What is Ashura and how do Shia and Sunni Muslims observe it? Shia make up the majority of the citizen population in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Azerbaijan, as well as being a minority in Pakistan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Chad and Kuwait.[13][14]. Finally, his efforts and contacting with scholars such as Mahmud Shaltut and Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi led to the founding of Dar-al-Taghrib (community for reforming unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims). In July 1980, 25,000 Shia protested the Islamization laws in the capital Islamabad. Mutah is not the same as Misyar marriage or 'Arfi marriage, which has no date of expiration and is permitted by some Sunnis. Thus a political split became a far more personal one, marked by blood feud, and a cause for further divergence. On the other hand, the Ismaili dawah ("missionary institution") sent missionaries (dut, sg. Privacy Policy Agreement * I agree to the Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy. Under Hafez al-Assad, Alawites dominated the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, a secular Arab nationalist party which had ruled Syria under a state of emergency from 1963 to 2011. Whereas Sunnis dominate the Muslim world, from West Africa to. It was followed by the Mirdasid Shi'ite emirate in the 11th century, with both the emirates centered at Aleppo. The origin of Shia Islam initially arose in response to the succession to Muhammad, and whether Ali ibn Abi Talib or a more experienced member of the Quraysh tribe should succeed. Answer (1 of 53): Of course Shia's. 1. [252] In June 2014, the New York Times wrote that as ISIS has "seized vast territories" in western and northern Iraq, there have been "frequent accounts of fighters capturing groups of people and releasing the Sunnis while the Shiites are singled out for execution". Unfortunately for Ismail, most of his subjects were Sunni. They do no discriminate between Men and Women or Hindus or Muslims, etc 4. Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz said: The two parties have agreed to stop any attempt aimed at spreading sectarian strife in the region. "[18], In these years Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi travelled to Cairo and started his efforts for reforming Islamic unity at Al-Azhar University, since 1938. [225] Its network is similar to that of Hezbollah in Lebanon, with a focus on Iran, its Supreme Leader, and fighting America as the enemy of Islam. Though the two main sects within Islam, Sunni and Shia, agree on most of the fundamental beliefs and practices of Islam, a bitter split between the two goes back some 14 centuries. How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? - The New York Times They are not radicals. With the passage of time, Iranians' readiness to practise Shi'ism grew day by day. Wherever you go, we will catch you. [159], The Syrian Civil War, though it started as a political conflict, developed into a struggle between the Alawite-dominated Army and government on the one hand, and the mainly Sunni rebels and former members of the regular army on the other. After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali. After the Iranian Revolution and the fall of Pahlavi dynasty, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini endeavored to bridge the gap between Shiites and Sunnis by declaring it permissible for Twelvers to pray behind Sunni imams and by forbidding criticizing the Caliphs who preceded Alian issue that had caused much animosity between the two groups. They complain about the food and seating. They were all very materialistic complaints. She has attended theUniversity of Toronto. The groups demand the expulsion of all Shias from Pakistan and have killed hundreds of Pakistani Shias between 1996 and 1999. The extremist sects of the Hurufis and Shasha'a grew directly out of a background that is both Shiite and Sufi. Hijab model who shares the latest in Muslim women's fashion with 550,000 followers on Instagram. Some see a precursor of Pakistani ShiaSunni strife in the April 1979 execution of deposed President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on questionable charges by Islamic fundamentalist General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. [108] In Yemen, Houthi rebels have expanded their territory south of Saudi Arabia, and become the country's "dominant power". More important in the long run than these sects were the Sufi orders which spread in Persia at this time and aided in the preparing the ground for the Shiite movement of Safavids. [83] Millions of Saudi adhere to the school of Salafism which is a branch of Sunni Islam. Some Shia religious leaders also wear a black robe. *SHE FREAKED OUT* 258,911 views 1 year ago Popular. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni traditional elders and notables. Britain has an estimated Muslim population of about 2.8 million. This is known today as the Islamic schism. Your email address will not be published. [116] They included Shia leader Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr and his sister. Differences Between Shia and Sunni Muslims - Business Insider Balochistan People's Front, "Zahedan bombings intended to foment Sunni-Shia conflict: governor", "No casualties in renewed bombing in south-east Iran 02/16/07", "UNSC condemns terrorist act in Iran's Zahedan", Ahmadinejad sheds crocodile tears for Sunnis in Iran, "Shi'ite supremacists emerge from Iran's shadows", "Mullahs Increase Persecution of Sunni Muslims in Iran", Blasts target Iraq's Shia Muslims on the eve of Ashura, Latest Iraq blast targets Shia mosque, September 16, 2005, Four days after al-Qaeda in Iraq declared all-out war on the Shiite majority, more than 250 people have been killed, "Bombs kill 42 outside mosques in Lebanon's Tripoli", "Al Qaeda: Hezbollah To Blame For Lebanon Bombings That Killed Dozens In Tripoli", "Car bomb kills 20 in Hezbollah's Beirut stronghold", "Pilgrimage to Karbala Sunni and Shia: The Worlds of Islam", "Egypt's Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil", "Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time", "Egypt mob attack kills four Shia Muslims near Cairo", "Egypt: Lynching of Shia Follows Months of Hate Speech", Yemeni President: al-Houthi is an ill man, mentally abnormal, The Rule of Law Sidelined in the Name of Security, "Yemen crisis: Islamic State claims Sanaa mosque attacks", "Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan", "Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists", "With Iran-Backed Conversions, Shiites Gain Ground in Africa", "As Trump Makes Threats, Iran Makes Friends", "Nigerian Muslims: We love Imam Khamenei, we fight to death for Iran", "Mass graves for '300 Shia Nigerians' in Zaria", "Zaria Massacre: Army deliberately targets reproductive organs of IMN's women; They shouted 'there will never be Shia in Nigeria', "Indonesia Shia group accuse extremist Sunni leaders of violating constitution", "Attacks Planned Against Indonesia's Shia Community, Govt Says", "Shia Ideologies In Malaysia Being Wary Of Its Threats", "Annals of National Security: The Redirection", "Supporting Bahraini Apartheid Is Not in America's Interest", "Sectarian tensions underlying conflict in Syria erupt in Sydney and Melbourne", "Syria's Civil War Spills Over in Sydney", "Sectarian tensions running high, say Australian Muslim leaders", "Islamic State grooming Aussie teens as young as 14 for terror army online", "Kurds accused of "ethnic cleansing" by Syria rebels", "Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross", "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State", "ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World", "ISIS Crimes against Humanity For Immediate release", "Questions Rebels Use to Tell Sunni From Shiite", "Iraq conflict: Shia cleric Sistani issues call to arms", "The war against jihadists. This group was called Shia Ali, or Party of Ali, from which comes the word Shia. diensthost wpnuserservice. The main difference between Sunnis and Shias lies in their interpretation of the rightful succession of leadership after the death of the prophet Muhammad. The report listed questions ISIS uses to "tell whether a person is a Sunni or a Shiite"What is your name? [150] The United Nations[151] and several countries worldwide have condemned the bombings. Intercommunal violence resurfaced in 193536 and again in 1939 when many thousands of Sunni and Shias defied the ban on public demonstrations and took to the streets. "[207] Most violence takes place in the largest province of Punjab and the country's commercial and financial capital, Karachi. "[129] Suicide bombers continue to attack Iraqi Shia civilians,[130] and the Shia ulama have in response declared suicide bombing as haraam (against God, or "forbidden"): Even those who kill people with suicide bombing, these shall meet the flames of hell. Those who followed the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law ('Ali) became known as Shi'a (the followers of the Party of 'Ali - Shi'atu Ali). [190][191] The Syrian Civil War has brought on an increase in anti-Shia rhetoric,[192] and what Human Rights Watch states is "anti-Shia hate speech by Salafis". [57] However many of these Shias come from Sayyid families with origins in tribes from Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain, one of said tribes being al-Musawi, and two prevalent families that are descended from it and lived in Iran for some time before settling in Iraq are the al-Qazwini and al-Shahristani families. Alawites are often considered a form of Shia Islam, that differs somewhat from the larger Twelver Shia sect.[158]. Further exacerbating the situation was the dislike between Shia leader Imam Khomeini and General Zia ul-Haq. Each year on the tenth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, Shi'a the world over commemorate the beheading of Husayn through plays and processions and by pounding their bare backs in mournful tribute to the severed head of their beloved imam. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni - ftp.mobiloffelmenyon.hu Its the place where Muslims gather for Friday prayers and other special occasions. This new strictness was spread not only among Saudis in the kingdom but thousands of students and Saudi funded schools and international Islamist volunteers who came to training camps in Peshawar Pakistan in the 1980s to learn to fight jihad in Afghanistan and went home in the 1990s to fight jihad. 554. With more and more people opting for more intimate weddings what would you prefer? What's the difference between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims? - CREST Research jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni - zaiqakimehak.com This is the nature of monarchy, which is rejected by Islam. She made a TikTok withOmaya Zeinin March 2022. One of these was Muhammad Ibn Makki, called Shahid-i Awwal (the First Martyr), one of the great figures in Shia jurisprudence, who was killed in Damascus in 1384. The findings of this research prove that the division between Sunni and Shia is not primarily based on religion, as many believe, rather, the division is a result of politics over time. [156], Syria is approximately three quarters Sunni,[157] but its government is predominantly Alawite, a Shia sect that makes up less than 13% of the population. [29], Shias are about 5-to-10 percent of the entire Muslim world. [192], Muslims in Yemen include the majority Shafi'i (Sunni) and the minority Zaidi (Shia). The word Shia in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. She is married toDawoud Harb. Pakistan's citizens have had serious Shia-Sunni discord. 2cv lackieren kosten; ; difference between exploratory and conclusive research; kierdorfinkasso mobile These clashes revolved around the public cursing of the first three caliphs by Shias and the praising of them by Sunnis. Since the late 20th Century, complex political problems have been turned into sectarian issues by the parties involved, particularly in parts of the Middle East and Asia. [146], Members of Sunni groups in Iran however have been active in what the authorities describe as terrorist activities. Sunni-Shia Harmony. Shias do not accept many Sunni hadiths unless they are also recorded in Shia sources or the methodology can be proven of how they were recorded. According to scholar Vali Nasr, Saudi textbooks "characterize Shiism as a form of heresy worse than Christianity and Judaism. [143][144], Members of the 'Balochistan Peoples Front' claim that Sunnis are systematically discriminated against educationally by denial of places at universities, politically by not allowing Sunnis to be army generals, ambassadors, ministers, prime minister, or president, religiously insulting Sunnis in the media, economic discrimination by not giving import or export licenses for Sunni businesses while the majority of Sunnis are left unemployed. The Buyids, who were Zaidi and had a significant influence not only in the provinces of Persia but also in the capital of the caliphate in Baghdad, and even upon the caliph himself, provided a unique opportunity for the spread and diffusion of Shia thought. original sound - molly mashes. The declaration of faith to which all Muslims assent is this: There is no God but Allah, whose prophet is Muhammad. A mum blessed with 4 wonderful, super naughty children. Jasmine has 2 jobs listed on their profile. In terms of the world's total Muslim population, Sunnis and Shias disagree over what percentage each group owns, with Sunnis accounting for 80-90% of the total and Shias 10-20%. Until recently ShiaSunni relations have been cordial, and a majority of people of both sects participated in the creation the state of Pakistan in the 1940s. Shias believe that the hijab must cover around the perimeter of the face and up to the chin. In retaliation, troops killed more than 300 Shiites in the city of Zaria. is the fiec part of the evangelical alliance; townhomes in avalon park; 8 ft windmill parts; why is my cash and sweep vehicle negative; nordstrom rack return policy worn shoes jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni 221-0835 2-12-10 301 FAX020-4624-3033 MAIL:etwas unvorhergesehenes gro oder klein jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni 221-0835 2-12-10 301 kaiserredux focus trees | soho house london membership cost | combur test 9 auswertung | pressemitteilungen berlin corona | Historically, the inner rifts within Islamic ideology were to be hidden from the public sphere, while the new violent outbreaks highlight said rift in an obvious manner and is nourished by the two extremes of their mutual rivalry which will strongly affect both globally and regionally. ", "How can Sunnis and Shiites tell each other apart? Faro particip en la Semana de la Innovacin 24 julio, 2019. Recent tensions in the Middle East and Asia have been interpreted in some sections of the media as religious conflict between Sunnis and Shias. Islam's Sunni-Shia divide explained - Understanding Islam ISIS. An estimated 10,000 to 40,000 Syrians, mostly civilians, were killed by Syrian military in the city. [65] Sufism played a major role in spread of Shiism in this time. The "shadowy Sunni militant group Jundallah" has reportedly been receiving weaponry from the United States for these attacks according to the semi-official Fars News Agency. Jasmine went to Dawouds family restaurant with Dawouds sister and she caught Dawouds eye. The British colonial rule ended after the Sunni and Shia united against it. Around 10% of Afghanistan, less than 5% of the Muslims in Nigeria, and around 5% of population of Tajikistan are Shia. A Misyar marriage differs from a conventional Islamic marriage in that the man does not have financial responsibility of the woman by her own free will. In contrast, mainstream Sunnis believe the Mahdi will be named Muhammad, be a descendant of Muhammad, and will revive the faith, and forms an important component of Sunni eschatology, his appearance being considered the last of the minor signs of the Day of Judgment before its major signs. [208] There have also been conflagrations in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Azad Kashmir,[208] with several hundreds of Shia Hazara killed in Balochistan killed since 2008.[209]. What Are the Differences Between Sunni and Shiite Muslims? - NBC News )._Washington,_DC:_National_Geographic2008 (. "Today, Azerbaijan is probably the only country where there are still mixed mosques and Shia and Sunnis pray together. This central position was transferred to Iran during the Safavid era for two-and-a-half centuries, after which it partly returned to Najaf. Sectarianism based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Husayn ibn Ali and some of his close partisans, including members of his household, were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph YazidI, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, albeit disproportionately, into two groups, the Sunni and the Shia. Mainstream Shia and Sunni women wear the hijab differently. [118] The governing regimes of Iraq were composed mainly of Sunnis for nearly a century until the 2003 Iraq War. [207] Amongst the culprits blamed for the killing are Al-Qaeda working "with local sectarian groups" to kill what they perceive as Shia apostates, and "foreign powers trying to sow discord. [85] With the involvement of Lebanese Shia paramilitary group Hezbollah, the fighting in Syria has reignited "long-simmering tensions between Sunnis and Shiites" spilling over into Lebanon and Iraq. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunnimuskelsteifigkeit beinenmuskelsteifigkeit beinen [64], Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi was another eminent scholar, killed in Aleppo on charges of cultivating Batini teachings and philosophy. [239] Shadi Bushra of Stanford University wrote that the United States support of the Sunni monarchy during the Bahraini uprising is the latest in a long history of US support to keep the Shiites in check. The writers of the Shia Four Books were Iranian, as were many other scholars. 2. [16][17] Tensions between communities have intensified during power struggles, such as the Bahraini uprising, the Iraqi Civil War, the Syrian Civil War, the War in Iraq (20132017),[18][19][20] and the formation of the self-styled Islamic State of Iraq and Syria that has launched a genocide against Shias. August 12, 2016. First, through the Asharis[clarification needed] at the end of the 7th and during the 8th century. As well as this they found that it was not worth spending on other people. Between 500,000 and a million Shia live there,[162] concentrated especially around the oases of Qatif and al-Hasa. Twelvers believe that Mutah was permitted until Umar forbade it during his rule. In December 2015 the Nigerian government alleged that the Islamic Movement attempted to kill Nigeria's army chief-of-staff. [86] Bulgaria's ex-Ambassador Dimitar Mihaylov further claims that the current post-Arab Spring situation (encompassing ISIS, the Syrian civil war, Yemen, Iraq and others) represents a "qualitatively new" development in the history of Shi'a-Sunni dynamics. Jasmine & Dawoud - YouTube [186], According to Pew, roughly 99% of Egyptian Muslims regarded themselves as Sunni Muslims. "[204] Bahrain has many disaffected unemployed youths and many have protested Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa's efforts to create a parliament as merely a "cooptation of the effendis", i.e. For the first time, the Shia could openly convert other Muslims to their movement. "[168], Forced into exile in the 1970s, Saudi Shia leader Hassan al-Saffar is said to have been "powerfully influenced" by the works of Sunni Islamists of the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e-Islami and by their call for Islamic revolution and an Islamic state. promised "a thaw in relations between the two regional powers but stopped short of agreeing on any concrete plans to tackle the escalating sectarian and political crises throughout the Middle East."[257]. "[216] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi has declared Shia to be "American agents" and the "near enemy" in global jihad. Now we are here to deal with you. 3. Both Shia and Sunni dissidents in Yemen have similar complaints about the governmentcooperation with the American government and an alleged failure to following Sharia law[194]but it's the Shia who have allegedly been singled out for government crackdown. #duet with @mollymashes I love when she goes crazy | TikTok "[35] Twelvers believe the Mahdi will be Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam returned from the Occultation, where he has been hidden by Allah since 874. Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Shia Imam, died during al-Mansur's reign, and there were claims that he was murdered on the orders of the caliph. [227] In 1998 Nigerian President General Sani Abacha accused Ibrahim El-Zakzaky [228] of being a Shia. [164], Relations between the Shia and the Wahhabis are inherently strained because the Wahhabis consider the rituals of the Shia to be the epitome of shirk, or polytheism. The two communities have often remained separate, mingling regularly only during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. This decision was not a spontaneous one. [119], According to one estimate, as of early 2008, 1,121 suicide bombers have blown themselves up in Iraq. Jasmine & Dawoud @JasmineFares 591K subscribers Subscribe Home Videos Shorts Playlists Community Channels About I FINALLY pranked my wife! why does milo mistake the gelatinous giant for a mountain? She has two sisters and one brother. Washington, DC: National Geographic 2008, "Hijab, The Muslim Womens Dress, Islamic or Cultural? jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni. [259], Effort to bring unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims had been attempted by Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi.[88]. This gap continued until the 20th century. During the uprising, the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood attacked military cadets at an artillery school in Aleppo, performed car bomb attacks in Damascus, as well as bomb attacks against the government and its officials, including Hafez al-Assad himself, and had killed several hundred. ", according to Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid. [182] The bombings are thought to be in retaliation[183] for a large car bomb which detonated on 15 August 2013 and killed at least 24 and wounded hundreds in a part of Beirut controlled by the Hezbollah[184], Although the country of Jordan is 95% Sunni and has not seen any ShiaSunni fighting within, it has played a part in the recent Shia-Sunni strife. [173] In December 2006, amidst escalating tensions in Iraq, 38 high ranking Saudi clerics called on Sunni Muslims around the world to "mobilise against Shiites".[174]. The first Abbasid caliph, As-Saffah, recruited Shia support in his campaign against the Umayyads by emphasising his blood relationship to Muhammad's household through descent from his uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Some Sunni scholars emphasize covering of all body including the face in public whereas some scholars exclude the face from hijab. Their woman are more independent and can make decisions too. Posted April 14, 2017. Balochi Sunni Abdolmalek Rigi continue to declare the Shia as Kafir and Mushrik. Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKazemzadeh1991 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMikaberidze2011 (.
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