Shilluk Acholi Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Behrend, Heike (1991). Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). The Population Geography of Acholi District. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." The He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." Political Organization. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. families living together in hamlets. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). This made the chiefs more independent from This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). 2.4. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. M.A. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Ceremonies. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. find its conclusion until the 19th century. Religion of the Central Luo. L. No. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. social control in the area. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. named Luo. London: James Currey. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). Political Organization. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the and created larger political Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. 2008. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Vincent (2012). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. . The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. 53- Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. comparably flat. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. (1972). The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. The main point of contact Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. . Following the Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it.
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