In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 2010;86:37683. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with California Privacy Statement, Rev Environ Health. By using this website, you agree to our 1992;49:1818. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Brain Res Rev. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. PLoS One. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Richter et al. Radiat Res. 2015;36:4804. 2009;158:12639. 2008;49:16370. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Int J Epidemiol. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Article Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Xu et al. 2014;9:e95503. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Dasdag et al. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. 2013;32:27380. Int J Radiat Biol. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Google Scholar. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Gold PE. Sareesh et al. Joubert et al. Gene. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. . Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Wang et al. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. 1997;44:99104. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Springer Nature. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. J Neurosci Methods. 2012;35:32534. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. 2011;107:35661. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Specifically, the Federal Communications . The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Iran J Public Health. . 2008;22:9927. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Singh et al. Surg Neurol. Bull Exp Biol Med. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Chin J Indus Hyg. PubMed Zhang et al. 2005;360:6577. Google Scholar. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. PubMed Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. 2001;93:2037. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. 2002;5:18995. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Brain Res. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. J Environ Health. 2014:125. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. 2003;140:147. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 1993;13:41322. Behav Brain Res. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. J Electromagnet Anal. Article Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. 2005;22:32931. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Int J Radiat Biol. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Ning et al. 2010;2010. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Nat Med. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Neuroreport. 2015;91:30611. Othman et al. Bioelectromagnetics. J Natl Cancer Inst. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . 2013;73:4737. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Article Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Wang et al. CAS Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Smythe JW, Costall B. Wang et al. Brain Res. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Cancer Res. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. 2006;79:13140. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 2005;130:591600. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Acta Neurol Belg. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. 2010;28:445. 2007;96:218196. J Sleep Res. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. 2000;6:18793. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2010;39:67594. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Dasdag et al. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. PubMed Central PubMedGoogle Scholar. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. 1975;148:1723. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Sanders AP, Joines WT. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. millimeter, or equivalently. Terms and Conditions, Cell Biochem Biophys. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? J Neurosci. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. 2009;4:e4389. 2013;34:26474. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2015;28:1324. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. CAS Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. CAS Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. J Radiat Proc. Chin J Birth Health Hered.
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