how does bioremediation work for oil spills

DS10-129) to perform bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. 2016). the oil that is accessible to bioremediating bacteria, the Jiaqi Meng . Korean J Chem Eng 32(5):874881, Ng YF, Ge L, Chan WK, Tan SN, Hong Yong JW, Tan TTY (2015) An environmentally friendly approach to treat oil spill: investigating the biodegradation of petrodiesel in the presence of different biodiesels. Even higher risk of pipeline damage and petroleum hydrocarbon pollution is available there, in comparison with moderate climates. Composting can be seen as a form of bioremediation known as biodegradation that converts food waste into potable soil. The microorganism can exchange electrons with the electrodes directly or indirectly by using a chemical compound as an electron shuttle. Recently novel approaches have emerged that integrate physicochemical methods with biological approaches (Balba et al. PubMed The results showed that natural gums are promising biosurfactant in bioremediation of oil contaminated soil. [1] Oil reserves are 2015). Thats why a team from Thailands Chulalongkorn University is working on something best-suited for the countrys environmental characteristics. J Power Sources 356:430437, Lim MW, Von Lau E, Poh PE (2016) A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil contaminated soil present works and future directions. All rights reserved. Michelle is a designer with a focus on creating joyful digital experiences! DNA screening for desired biological properties is the final step. The bottom part of the snorkel buried in the target sediment is the anode acceptor. She completed a Ph.D. in microbiology studying bacterial motility. Amoco Cadiz accident happened in 1978 and released 227,000tons of crude oil and bunkers in marine and contaminated 320 km of the shoreline length up to as deep as 20inches (Lim et al. [3] R. M. Atlas and T. C. Hazen, "Oil Biodegradation [4] E. Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg, "Enhanced spreads below the surface to deeper layers of the marine environment. Oil spill cleanup methods can be extremely disruptive to local ecosystems. development. biodegrading bacteria with oil is necessary such that the Although several aspects of this approach had been studied by different researchers and quite high hydrocarbon removal rate were reported specially in laboratory scale, the real-field applications are not developed thoroughly. Seeding means the inoculation of microbe. Escuela Tecnica Superior de ingenieros de Minas, Helmy Q, Laksmono R, Kardena E (2015) Bioremediation of aged petroleum oil contaminated soil: from laboratory scale to full scale application. have investigated the ability of biosurfactant that was produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in lowering the surface tension, improving solubility, and enhancing biodegradation (Ben Ayed et al. Novel materials include organic sources to provide nitrogen and phosphorus for the medium such as compost, biowastes, biofuel, etc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2 014.10.003, Dias RL, Ruberto L, Hernndez E, Vzquez SC, Balbo A, Del Panno MT, Mac Cormack WP (2012) Bioremediation of an aged diesel oil-contaminated Antarctic soil: evaluation of the on site biostimulation strategy using different nutrient sources. The function of dispersants is affected by salinity of water, water temperature, and wave action. It involves using biological systems to remove pollutants. 2017). Observe the surface of the feather and compare it to the feather dipped in plain water. Microorganisms can also be harnessed and deployed on land, effectively mitigating the damage caused by the release of petrochemicals and hydrocarbons into the environment. Biosurfactant addition is another promising method that improves the bioremediation by reducing the surface tension. J Environ Manag 132:121128, Telegraph, 10 Largest Oil Spills in History (n.d.) Retrieved 18 October 2017, from web site: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/newzealand/8812598/10-largest-oil-spills-in-history.html, The Atlantic, The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: 25 Years Ago Today (n.d.) Retrieved 20 November 2017, from web site: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/03/the-exxon-valdez-oil-spill-25-years-ago-today/100703/, Urgun-Demirtas M, Stark B, Krishna P (2006) Use of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) for the bioremediation of contaminants. In-situ burning is one option for shore and sea-based spills. This accident decreased the biodiversity of the vertebrates and metazoan meiofauna. In this method the natural or genetically manipulated microorganisms are applied to the polluted site and/or the polluted environment is enriched with nutrients, which are called bioaugmentation and biostimulation, respectively. In addition, Methylocella silvestris bacteria can grow very fast: one bacteria can be doubled every 10 hours 5. The limitation of adsorbents application is the possibility of the erosion by the moving wave and lack of knowledge about its effectiveness (Helmy et al. The type of oil dispersed and the location of the spill highly influence the duration cleaning up of the spillage requires. The bioremediation can be performed in situ or ex situ (Lahel et al. By the end of 2018, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had brought bioremediation activities to a total of 1,507 sites. [3-6] Bacteria capable Development of federal governments blueprint (National Contingency Plan (NCP) which is for responding to oil spills and release of hazardous substance), assigning a competent (national) authority, and response capability are among the duties of governments (Walker 2017). The surface tension decreased to less than 30 from 72mN/m by this biosurfactant and has CMC of 100mg/L. 2014). Alternatively, these by-products can also be removed via another process. 2015). 2016). Soil contamination occurs most of all in the petrol stations and refineries, where the soil is exposed to the small but constant leakage of petroleum (Rhykerd et al. Genetic transfer is the mechanism that is used for DNA transformation from a donor to recipient. PubMed When considering bioremediation as a treatment to the oil spills, the aim is addition of materials to the contaminated environment to accelerate the natural biodegradation process. According to Journal Nature, Methylocella silvestris is a type of bacteria that live in acidic soils and wetlands and can grow on the methane and propane that exist in natural gas 5. For construction of a proper GEM, there is a need to have a bank of genetic groups and encoding the properties to generate microorganism with improved degradation capabilities. Green funds invest only in sustainable or socially conscious companies while avoiding those deemed detrimental to society or the environment. Bioremediation methods typically fall into three categories. surrounding marine environment (Fig. During genetic modification, microorganisms are supplemented with new genetic properties to be capable of biodegradation of specific pollutants that are not degraded by natural microorganism proper and fast enough. For the electricity production, the type and amount of the contaminants can influence the potential current and power density produced (Li et al. Since this incident bioremediation has gained importance and replaced many expensive and extensive oil spill cleaning techniques. Chemical dispersants are applied on oil spills that disperse oil surface into small drops. 2013). Sand was mixed with the contaminated soil to enlarge the pore size of soil in order to accelerate the ion and substrate transfer. The increase in population of oil degrader microorganisms has been observed for Alcanivorax sp. Bioremediation refers to any technique in which a living or dead biological system (usually bacteria, microalgae, fungus, and plants) is used to remove environmental contaminants from air, water, soil, flue gases, industrial effluents, etc., in natural or artificial settings. (2015) performed the genome sequence analysis for a strain with high contaminate degradation ability (Pseudomonas aeruginosa N002) isolated from the soil contaminated with crude oil. Factors affected crude oil biodegradation in marine environment. fertilizers to areas contaminated by oil has proven to be effective in (2015) investigated the biodegradation of petrodiesel by using biodiesel obtained from Jatropha, soybean, and palm as an additive for biostimulation. Oil spills in the ocean have a severely negative effect on marine life, especially seabirds and filter-feeders. Biotechnol. However, there is not much information available for fungal bioremediation of marine contaminated sites (Bovio et al. The snorkel is the electrode (acting as both anode and cathode) which is a conductive rod which makes a bridge between aerobic and the anaerobic zones. It was reported that more than 200 different species of bacteria, fungi, and yeasts are able to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Not only these but waste oil release and that of other petroleum products also constitute an oil spill. The availability of oxygen also depends on water and wave turbulence, oil physical state, and availability of substrate. 2015). 27, 191 (2014). This leads to reduction of interfacial and surface tension and increase of bioavailability, transfer rate, and solubility of hydrophobic and insoluble organic compounds (Bezza et al. attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. Doing that made the sponge latch onto oil molecules, taking them from the affected liquid. 2015). The aim is creating microorganism that are more efficient than natural ones in degrading petroleum fractions. 2016). Oil Spill also increase the overall density of the oil such that the contamination Bioremediation is the use of biological agents and process to degrade or detoxify environmental pollutants such as hydrocarbons, agrochemicals, sewage, radioactive waste, By mid-1992, the cleanup was considered complete, and the fertilizer had degraded nearly all the oil compounds. the surface. For example, genes for hydrocarbon degradation (ex: Similar shifts were also observed in deep-sea, salt marsh and beach sand environments, with unique species and dynamics. Therefore, hybrid gene clusters of GEMs change their enzymatic activity and enzyme substrate specifications (Kulshreshtha 2013). Selecting oil degrading microbes and then culturing them in laboratories for their further use. environmental impact of an oil spill, bioremediation entails taking Figure 10.1 is a photo of Exxon Valdez oil spill, where bioremediation was applied effectively as a strategy. His passions include wildlife photography and bird watching. The aim of environmental treatments and remediation methods is to degrade and transform the contaminants into less harmful and even harmless compounds; when not possible, treatments is done by reduction of contaminants mobility and migration to prevent their spreading into uncontaminated areas. The degradation of normal alkanes (C1-C26) is the easiest and fastest one. Since all organisms require certain nutrients to multiply and prosper, a lack of these nutrients in the immediate environment usually limits the reproduction of oil degrading microorganisms. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. Pedosphere 19(3):371381, Soleimani M, Farhoudi M, Christensen JH (2013) Chemometric assessment of enhanced bioremediation of oil contaminated soils. for bioremediation of mixture of petroleum hydrocarbon in a microbial fuel cell. Biodegradation occurs much more slowly in sediments at the seafloor or in salt marshes due to lack of oxygen. Immobilization of the microorganisms used for bioaugmentation on a career is another effective method for enhancing biodegradation. In this work they have used an oligonucleotide microarray method and identified the genes that are suitable for degradation of aliphatic and aromatics. However, with the increase in scientific knowledge and researches, a new scientific strategy emerged known as bioremediation. It was the deep water horizon oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 that instigated the scientists to seek refuge in bioremediation. Controlling the supply of electron donors is also helpful to avoid unwanted side reactions. The anode collects the electrons produced from the oxidation of organic compounds. 2014). If there is oil on the water, it gets concentrated within these shellfishand then accumulates intheir predators in a higher concentration. Filter-feeders, such as clams and oysters, take in surface water through their gills and filter it to take out any microscopic food. The length of the chain is then reduced by oxidation of compound to aldehyde and later carboxylic acid. This is more severe about new man-made contaminants released into nature, since the microorganisms have not evolved the proper catabolic pathway for their degradation in such a short time (Chai et al. This study was done with the aim of long-term bioremediation of naphthalene-contaminated soil. The order of petroleum hydrocarbon component degradation is normal alkanes followed by branched alkanes and alkenes, light n-alkyl aromatics, single aromatics, cyclic alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, asphaltenes, and resins (Jafarinejad 2017; Si-Zhong et al. Bioremediation often takes place underground, where amendments and microbes can be pumped in order to clean up contaminants in groundwater and soil. Gene transfer encoding homologous (dissimilar) subunits, site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) of important amino acids, and DNA shuffling are among these methods (Chai et al. The anodic solution conductivity was higher in more salinity condition. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was also reported to be a strong biosurfactant-producing bacteria in Landy medium (semisynthetic medium). used microbial fuel cell, for bioremediation of sediments contaminated by hydrocarbons. 2017). Fuel 139:523528, Pontes J, Mucha AP, Santos H, Reis I, Bordalo A, Basto MC, Bernabeu A, Almeida CMR (2013) Potential of bioremediation for buried oil removal in beaches after an oil spill. They have revealed that the ability of some bacteria for oil degradation is far greater than what was expected especially for aromatic hydrocarbon (as an example Alcanivorax was formerly considered to be incapable of oil degradation). 2015). And due to insufficient amount of nutrients, the microbes are unable to degrade the petroleum products. The use of dispersant is a strategy to reduce the size of oil droplets to make it consumable by microorganisms more easily. In order to be effective, the dispersants must be added immediately after spill, before volatilization of light hydrocarbons. During the degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-alkanes, firstly alcohols are produced, which is sequentially oxidized and dehydrogenated to form primary alcohols and aldehydes and a monocarboxylic acid consequently. Did the feather come out clean? In this work gene sequencing was performed by shotgun sequencing. In the context of ameliorating the adverse environmental impact of an The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an agency of the United States federal government whose mission is to protect human and environmental health. The cleaning cost of that spill was estimated to be 10billion USD (Alessandrello et al. These electrons are transferred through snorkel to the cathode where aerobic conditions are available. Ex situ bioremediation may be necessary if the climate is too cold to sustain microbe activity, or if the soil is too dense for nutrients to distribute evenly. Bioremediation of Oil Spills 2015). The limiting step is the addition of oxygen to the hydrocarbon, and once carboxylic acid is formed, it can be metabolized rapidly. The reduction reactions at the cathodes are exploited for the reduction of oxidized compounds (Daghio et al. Plant material only improved the degradation rate in low extent (7%) (Horel et al. to the local flora and fauna. Bioremediation has been shown to be a safe and effective way to reduce the effects of oil spills. When considering bioremediation for treatment of buried oil, one must ensure that the added materials (microorganism and nutrients) can reach the polluted environment (Pontes et al. 2017). Using by which they can easily degrade petroleum pollutants. biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis was investigated for biodegradation of simulated wastewater contaminated with crude oil, diesel, and kerosene. Get the latest news on the planet delivered to your inbox. A field trial of both products caused a 72% reduction in hydrocarbon soil contamination over nine weeks. Some multiplasmid P. putida strain with the simultaneous ability to degrade light alkanes and aromatics has been created by genetic modification (Jafarinejad 2017). Since petroleum hydrocarbons are naturally occurring in the ocean albeit in low concentrations numerous microorganisms have evolved to feed off of them. The advantages of anaerobic system over aerobic system is utilization of less space and no energy requirements (Rastegar et al. Some researchers suggests that in some specific circumstances, fungi can degrade petroleum better than bacteria. | Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. The electrons derived from oxidation of contaminants are accepted by an anode electrode buried in sediments. These can be originated from cleaning process of the equipment and unit or residues in containers and outdated chemicals and accidents during transportation (Helmy et al. The immobilized cell can be also stored. Deploying and utilizing bioremediation techniques can also be expensive, and this may be a major obstacle in some areas of the world. The chosen cleanup methods also vary based on how quickly people respond to the incident and whether the spill happens at sea or near the shoreline. Using dispersants can increase the surface area of the spill, and therefore can potentially increase the rates of biodegradation [3]. They have isolated seven distinct bacterial colonies to degrade the furnace oil. However, it must be considered that conditions in real fields may be uncontrollable (Jafarinejad 2017). White rot fungi are reported to be able to degrade compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and PAHs (Baniasadi et al. [2] F. Henning et al., "Maritime Crude Oil Among the biological factors metabolic parameters, mass transfer parameters in cell membrane and bioavailability must be considered (Gonzalez and Sanchez 2011). It is becoming a dominant bacterial population in petroleum contaminated sea water when nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were supplied in adequate quantity 6. products over long distances from one part of the world to another in The degradation pathway for aromatic and PAHs is through hydroxylation of the ring by enzymes which are mono- or dioxygenase. A Comprehensive Review on the Bioremediation of Oil Spills During oil spills, the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons is far excess of tolerable limits (Atlas 1991). [3,4] For instance, the Exxon Having non-exhaustible electron acceptors and donors, this method does not consume large amount of energy and chemicals which makes the remediation process economical for long runs (Lu et al. As mentioned earlier, bioremediation is done normally with the addition of fertilizers and nitrogen and phosphorus materials. However, generally the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons occurs via several sequential reactions initiating by attack of microorganism on petroleum structure and formation of intermediate substances. In the case of superficial spills, the treatment process is applied directly to the layers of the oil. According to studies done by the EPA and Exxon following the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989, initial bioremediation rates can be as high as 1.2% per day. Novel approaches for bioremediation including addition of novel materials, using GEMs, and integration of electrochemical strategies with biological methods are new fields of research for bioremediation of oil spills. Discover some methods we use to clean up large oil spills in freshwater and/or ocean systems. Unexpected ramifications can also result from oil spills. The resultant substances are easily dissolved in water bodies and not harmful for the marine life. Bioremediation methods typically fall into three categories. The author grants permission to LB400 by modifying their substrate specificity. The sea and shoreline contamination, caused sever localized ecological damage to nearby community (Atlas 1995). According to a case study when the sewage sludge was used as biostimulator, Bioagumentation is adding microorganisms genetically designed to biodegrade soil contaminants, Bioattention is a method that used to add nutrients or bacteria and does not require anthropology involvement. J Bioremed Biodegr 04(04):e133, Lahel A, Fanta AB, Sergienko N, Shakya M, Estefana Lpez M, Behera SK, Rene ER, Park HS (2016) Effect of process parameters on the bioremediation of diesel contaminated soil by mixed microbial consortia. The microbial metabolic activity is improved due to nutrient supply. 2017). Sci. At higher pH, the rate of hydrocarbon degradation increases. Since these petroleum products are toxic and often contain hazardous carcinogenic volatile compounds such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic compounds) and VOCs, (volatile organic compounds) an oil spill poses a leading factor of air pollution, contamination of drinking supplies and a fire hazard. This process is done only in one direction (Wasilkowski et al. Low water solubility as well as high sorption capacity makes degradation of PAHs more difficult especially in cold climates (Si-Zhong et al. Oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the marine ecosystem due to human activity such as tankers, barges, pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs and storage facilities 1. The limitation of natural microorganisms for bioremediation of contaminants is the slow degradation rate. Biosurfactants are produced extracellularly or as part of the cell membrane by different microorganisms including yeasts, bacteria, and filamentous fungi. Conversely, non-immobilized bacteria had a 60% removal rate in that span. relative to its volume. On the other, bioremediation provides an effective response should preventative measures fail. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties available in amphiphilic molecules can interact with interfaces that have different polarities. 2015). COVID-19 facts, By taking microbes from different pollution sites. potential of various kinds of marine bacteria. However, in the work of Szulc et al., no significant change was observed in the treatment process (both non-bio- and bioaugmented treatment) of diesel-contaminated soil by addition of rhamnolipids in real field (Szulc et al. Precipitation of phosphorus may also compete with oil-degrading microorganism (Jafarinejad 2017). 2017). Bioremediation can be done by using bacterial species, fungal species, and plant species. Bioremediation is a method used to treat water, soil, and subsurface material pollutants through changing environmental conditions to catalyze the growth of microorganisms and reduce the target pollutants 4. However, its also important that people continue looking for other sustainable cleanup methods. Surface active materials by increasing the solubility remove hydrophobic compounds from soil and contribute to their biodegradation. How Does Fracking Affect the Environment? biodegrading abilities of bacterial species have been harnessed, to The DWH oil spill triggered the formation of copious amounts of marine oil snow. The biodegradable hydrocarbon compounds range from methane to C40 compounds. Some regulation and limitation were established by US Environmental Protection Agency to control the release of GEMs in the environment (Sayler and Ripp 2000). 2014). Other microorganisms with the ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons are Yokenella sp., Alcaligenes sp., Alcanivorax sp., Microbulbifer sp., Sphingomonas sp., Micrococcus sp., Cellulomonus sp., Dietzia sp., Roseomonas sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Gordonia sp., Acinetobacter sp., Corynebacterium sp., Flavobacter sp., Streptococcus sp., Providencia sp., Sphingobacterium sp., Capnocytophaga sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Moraxella sp. Vancouver, BC After that, about 140 large spills occurred, and in total seven million tons of oil have entered freely in to the environment. In addition to the spill itself, the affected ship held plastic pellets that take thousands of years to break down, plus 80 containers of dangerous chemicals. These methods involve physical devices and techniques to clean the oil spills. [3-6] In fact, the use of uric acid as a fertilizer has Physical parameters (temperature, pressure, contaminant surface area) and chemical parameters (nutrient and oxygen availability, acidity, salinity, and contaminant nature and composition) have major effects on bioremediation. Environmental Inquiry - Bioremediation - Cornell University One option suspends the microbes in a complementing subject. CAS Using indigenous microorganisms available in the polluted site is suggested to be a promising method for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants, since these native microorganisms are adapted to the available conditions. energy needs (Fig. The method requires less labour work thus reduce the cost even more. Interestingly, the diversity of hydrocarbons that comprise oil coupled 2015). Natural gums can be used in variety of industrial applications for their emulsifying, microencapsulating, thickening, and stabilizing properties. For an effective bioremediation process, the presence of microorganism with desirable physiological characteristic and enzymatic capabilities, proper growth and activity conditions, and bioavailability of active microbial consortia play an important role (Lahel et al. The catabolic genes encoding the enzymes contributing to hydrocarbon degradation pathways and expression include alkane monooxygenase of Pseudomonas putida, alkM from Acinetobacter sp. Trends Biotechnol 35(9):860870, Martin CW, Hollis LO, Turner RE (2015) Effects of oil-contaminated sediments on submerged vegetation: an experimental assessment of Ruppia maritima. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground off Alaska, resulting in the release of11 million gallons of oilinto the ocean. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), proper emulsification properties, powerful surface activities, and outstanding foaming characteristics are among the characteristics of low-molecular-weight surface active materials. they get diluted rapidly upon contact with water and are therefore soon
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